PART 2: Configuring Windows and Linux Servers for CMU Testing

February 6, 2020

Tags: Oracle, Technical Track, Centrally Managed Users

This is the second in a four-part article series related to testing Oracle Database 18c Centrally Managed Users (CMU) by leveraging the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) for Oracle DBAs to create a lab or testbed. The first article covered how to create a CMU testbed.

Using OCI and the commands provided in this article series, Oracle DBAs can quickly and easily set up all required infrastructure including components such as domain-joined servers and an Active Directory domain controller (DC) without requiring assistance from their Windows Administrator colleagues.

So, while this article does reference numerous Windows and Linux administrative commands, it is intended for use by the Oracle DBA.

For Oracle DBAs, having "command-based" setup instructions is probably more reliable and simpler to follow than providing a series of screenshots. Consequently, this article details the Active Directory domain setup and configuration via PowerShell commands (to be run on the OCI-hosted Windows servers). Of course, configuring Windows components through the associated GUIs (such as Windows Server Manager) is an alternative.

Having the testbed Linux and Windows application servers join the Active Directory domain isn't required for basic CMU password ("directory synchronization") testing but will be required if/when testing CMU Kerberos authentication. Since having these test servers join the domain is relatively simple, the process is included in this article.

Infrastructure Validation

The first thing to do is to validate the OCI created in the previous article is available and running. There should be four servers listed and running.

As per the previous article, the OCI CLI commands shown here are in Windows PowerShell format. Adjusting to run from a MacOS or Linux Bash shell should be relatively simple and mostly involves removing leading "$"s from variable declarations and changing line continuation markers from "`" to "\". Additionally, Bash requires the "echo" command adjustments to display variable values.

OCI CLI commands:

# Extract the compartment OCID:
$COMP_OCID=$(oci iam compartment list `
                --query "data[?`"name`"=='CMU_TESTBED'].{id:id}" `
                --all `
             | jq -r '.[]."id"' `
            )
$COMP_OCID

# List all instances in the compartment:
oci compute instance list `
   --compartment-id $COMP_OCID `
   --query "data[*].{name:\`"display-name\`",state:\`"lifecycle-state\`",id:id}" `
   --output table

Sample output:

PS > # Extract the compartment OCID:
PS > $COMP_OCID=$(oci iam compartment list `
>>                 --query "data[?`"name`"=='CMU_TESTBED'].{id:id}" `
>>                 --all `
>>              | jq -r '.[]."id"' `
>>             )
PS > $COMP_OCID
ocid1.compartment.oc1..aaaaaaaaz4ocsfwkwluuyjmm4g4szglulklfmhelif3j75ayaigna4s7m5wa
PS >
PS > # List all instances in the compartment:
PS > oci compute instance list `
>>    --compartment-id $COMP_OCID `
>>    --query "data[*].{name:\`"display-name\`",state:\`"lifecycle-state\`",id:id}" `
>>    --output table
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+---------+
| id                                                                                  | name      | state   |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+---------+
| ocid1.instance.oc1.phx.anyhqljtcty5iiycmxago4o24r7msvnhryncbtsl7q3je5l5du4xdgmbxpoq | APPLINUX1 | RUNNING |
| ocid1.instance.oc1.phx.anyhqljtcty5iiycd24v67rapvi6pwwwg6arsufwk6u75lo32ez7buydunlq | APPWIN1   | RUNNING |
| ocid1.instance.oc1.phx.anyhqljtcty5iiyclci7tvd4fno6alyhgrwmfv7e5cf3cguzaxy4obpydnoa | DBSERV1   | RUNNING |
| ocid1.instance.oc1.phx.anyhqljtcty5iiycasmpzf7aznestwabbmp7bfqbcuygumf6wnoku4z6qbfa | DC1       | RUNNING |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+---------+
PS >

If any are not started, they can be started using a command such as:

oci compute instance action --action START --instance-id ocid1.instance.oc1.phx.anyhqljtcty5iiyclci7tvd4fno6alyhgrwmfv7e5cf3cguzaxy4obpydnoa

To remotely access via SSH or RDP, the external (or "public") IPs of each server must be known. Either record from the OCI web console or from a command such as:

# Show the public IP for one of the VM instances:
oci compute instance list-vnics `
   --instance-id ocid1.instance.oc1.phx.anyhqljtcty5iiyclci7tvd4fno6alyhgrwmfv7e5cf3cguzaxy4obpydnoa `
   --query "data[?\`"is-primary\`"].{name:\`"display-name\`",IP:\`"public-ip\`"}" `
   --output table

Sample output:

PS > # Show the public IP for one of the VM instances:
PS > oci compute instance list-vnics `
>>    --instance-id ocid1.instance.oc1.phx.anyhqljtcty5iiyclci7tvd4fno6alyhgrwmfv7e5cf3cguzaxy4obpydnoa `
>>    --query "data[?\`"is-primary\`"].{name:\`"display-name\`",IP:\`"public-ip\`"}" `
>>    --output table
+---------------+---------+
| IP            | name    |
+---------------+---------+
| 158.101.0.135 | DBSERV1 |
+---------------+---------+
PS >

Internal (or "private") IPs for each also must be known. Again, these are available from the OCI web console or CLI. For the remainder of this article, it is assumed that the private IPs used in the infrastructure provisioning steps from the previous article are used.

Preparing the Database Server

It makes the most sense to build the database server first. For testing CMU in this testbed, the database server configuration:

Is based on a simple "VM.Standard2.1" shaped VM instance, though using a different shape would be fine.
Uses the November 2019 Oracle Linux 7 image as the OS.
Has no extra block volumes added - using the provided boot volume will suffice.
Uses Oracle Database 18c Express Edition (XE) for license simplicity.

Testing with Oracle Database XE makes sense as XE has all Enterprise Edition features without licensing costs (but instead is capacity-constrained). Testing using an OCI "User-managed Database Service" 18c or 19c managed database environment is another possibility. However, CMU is not supported with Oracle Database Standard Edition and further, currently does not work with Oracle Autonomous Database suite of services.

On the database server VM "DBSERV1" created previously, log into the server as "opc" and sudo to the "root" user. Then install the Oracle pre-install RPM using:

curl -o oracle-database-preinstall-18c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm https://yum.oracle.com/repo/OracleLinux/OL7/latest/x86_64/getPackage/oracle-database-preinstall-18c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

yum -y localinstall oracle-database-preinstall-18c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

rm -f oracle-database-preinstall-18c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

# Update other packages as a good practice:
yum update -y

Then download the Oracle Database XE software from Oracle's site. Note, Oracle no longer requires you to review and accept the licensing terms and conditions and hence this step can now be automated.

Download the XE software from https://www.oracle.com/database/technologies/xe-downloads.html.

Once downloaded and staged (in this example, in the "opc" user's home directory) on the database server, install with the single simple command:

wget https://download.oracle.com/otn-pub/otn_software/db-express/oracle-database-xe-18c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm
yum -y localinstall /home/opc/oracle-database-xe-18c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm

Then create the XE database instance using:

/etc/init.d/oracle-xe-18c configure

And finally, adjust the Linux firewall to allow remote access to the listener port using:

firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-port=1521/tcp
firewall-cmd --reload

Sample output:

[root@dbserv1 ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-port=1521/tcp
success
[root@dbserv1 ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
success
[root@dbserv1 ~]#

If you like, test that the XE and, specifically the default pluggable database called XEPDB1, is available:

. oraenv <<< XE

echo "SELECT * FROM dual;" | sqlplus -s -L system/Oracle123@//localhost:1521/XEPDB1

Configuring the Active Directory Server and Domain Controller

It makes sense to configure the Active Directory domain controller next (so that other servers can join the domain).

Initial steps:

Using Remote Desktop Client, connect to the DC1 server using the OPC username and the initial password provided in OCI web console.
Change password on initial logon as prompted.
Sign in.
Run PowerShell using the "Run as Administrator" option.

The "Run as Administrator" option can be found by right-clicking on the Start menu icon:

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A prerequisite step is to manually set the local Administrator password which is unset by default. From the PowerShell prompt use:

net user Administrator <New Password>

Sample output:

PS C:\Windows\system32> net user Administrator *****
The command completed successfully.

PS C:\Windows\system32>

The initial server build is just a basic server. It needs to have the Active Directory domain server role enabled which is simple enough to do via the following command (the pipe and Out-File argument is optional):

Install-WindowsFeature AD-Domain-Services -IncludeManagementTools | Out-File -FilePath C:\Users\opc\AD_Feature_Install.txt

Sample output:

PS C:\Windows\system32> cd C:\Users\opc\
PS C:\Users\opc>
PS C:\Users\opc> Install-WindowsFeature AD-Domain-Services -IncludeManagementTools | Out-File -FilePath C:\Users\opc\AD_Feature_Install.txt


PS C:\Users\opc>

PS C:\Users\opc> cat .\AD_Feature_Install.txt

Success Restart Needed Exit Code      Feature Result
------- -------------- ---------      --------------
True    No             Success        {Active Directory Domain Services, Group P...


PS C:\Users\opc>

Next, a domain must be created. Use any domain name and top-level domain (TLD) you like. For these examples, we are using STAGECOACH.NET - change to your own value throughout.

To create the Active Directory domain forest, use a command similar to:

Install-ADDSForest -DomainName <Your Domain Name> | Out-File -FilePath C:\Users\opc\AD_Forest_Create.txt

IMPORTANT:

The prompt for the "SafeModeAdministratorPassword" is for a new password, not the one specified earlier. Of course, both can be the same if you choose.
After the AD domain forest has been created, the server will automatically reboot.
It takes about 5 minutes to complete the reboot before the server can be connected again. Trying to log in before it's done will show the message "Please wait for the Group Policy Client".
It is safe to ignore the various WARNINGs in the command output for the sake of this test environment.
Ideally, a static IP address is assigned to the server prior to the AD configuration. This is not required for this OCI testbed.

Sample output:

PS C:\Users\opc> Install-ADDSForest -DomainName STAGECOACH.NET
SafeModeAdministratorPassword: **************
Confirm SafeModeAdministratorPassword: **************

The target server will be configured as a domain controller and restarted when this operation is complete.
Do you want to continue with this operation?
[Y] Yes  [A] Yes to All  [N] No  [L] No to All  [S] Suspend  [?] Help (default is "Y"):
WARNING: Windows Server 2016 domain controllers have a default for the security setting named "Allow cryptography algorithms compatible with Windows NT 4.0" that
 prevents weaker cryptography algorithms when establishing security channel sessions.

For more information about this setting, see Knowledge Base article 942564 (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=104751).

WARNING: This computer has at least one physical network adapter that does not have static IP address(es) assigned to its IP Properties. If both IPv4 and IPv6
are enabled for a network adapter, both IPv4 and IPv6 static IP addresses should be assigned to both IPv4 and IPv6 Properties of the physical network adapter.
Such static IP address(es) assignment should be done to all the physical network adapters for reliable Domain Name System (DNS) operation.

...

After the reboot completes, log into the server again, but this time using the newly-created domain:

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And again run PowerShell as an administrator.

Then the output log from the command can be verified:

PS C:\Users\Administrator> cat ..\opc\AD_Forest_Create.txt

Message                          Context           RebootRequired  Status
-------                          -------           --------------  ------
Operation completed successfully DCPromo.General.3          False Success


PS C:\Users\Administrator>

And some basic validation commands can be run. Commands:

Get-Service adws,kdc,netlogon,dns
Get-smbshare

Sample output:

PS C:\Users\Administrator> Get-Service adws,kdc,netlogon,dns

Status   Name               DisplayName
------   ----               -----------
Running  adws               Active Directory Web Services
Running  dns                DNS Server
Running  kdc                Kerberos Key Distribution Center
Running  Netlogon           netlogon


PS C:\Users\Administrator> Get-smbshare

Name     ScopeName Path                                            Description
----     --------- ----                                            -----------
ADMIN$   *         C:\Windows                                      Remote Admin
C$       *         C:\                                             Default share
IPC$     *                                                         Remote IPC
NETLOGON *         C:\Windows\SYSVOL\sysvol\STAGECOACH.NET\SCRIPTS Logon server share
SYSVOL   *         C:\Windows\SYSVOL\sysvol                        Logon server share


PS C:\Users\Administrator>

You can also check that the instance is now configured for Active Directory by running "Windows Server Manager" from the Start menu:

2023-08-26_09h50_35

And verifying that a number of Active Directory tools are present can be done from the "Tools" menu at the top right:

2023-08-26_09h50_11-1

The next step required on the newly created DC is to make the server a "Certification Authority" and install Active Directory Certificate Services. Example command (with optional redirection of output to a logfile):

Add-WindowsFeature Adcs-Cert-Authority -IncludeManagementTools | Out-File -FilePath C:\Users\opc\AD_Certification_Authority.txt

Sample output:

PS C:\Users\Administrator> Add-WindowsFeature Adcs-Cert-Authority -IncludeManagementTools | Out-File -FilePath C:\Users\opc\AD_Certification_Authority.txt

PS C:\Users\Administrator> cat C:\Users\opc\AD_Certification_Authority.txt

Success Restart Needed Exit Code      Feature Result
------- -------------- ---------      --------------
True    No             Success        {Active Directory Certificate Services, Ce...


PS C:\Users\Administrator>

Then create the root CA (again with optional output redirection to a logfile):

Install-AdcsCertificationAuthority -CAType EnterpriseRootCA | Out-File -FilePath C:\Users\opc\AD_EnterpriseRootCA.txt

Sample output:

PS C:\Users\Administrator> Install-AdcsCertificationAuthority -CAType EnterpriseRootCA | Out-File -FilePath C:\Users\opc\AD_EnterpriseRootCA.txt

Confirm
Are you sure you want to perform this action?
Performing the operation "Install-AdcsCertificationAuthority" on target "DC1".
[Y] Yes  [A] Yes to All  [N] No  [L] No to All  [S] Suspend  [?] Help (default is "Y"):
PS C:\Users\Administrator> cat C:\Users\opc\AD_EnterpriseRootCA.txt

ErrorId ErrorString
------- -----------
      0


PS C:\Users\Administrator>

Confirm by again opening Server Manager and reviewing the Tools listing. The "Certification Authority" option should now be present:

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Clicking on that brings up the Certification Authority tool which should show the domain controller on your domain:

2023-08-26_09h49_15

The configuration of the AD domain controller is now complete. However, for future configuration steps, we'll need to copy files to and from the DC. Consequently, we can configure the OpenSSH for Windows which is available on GitHub.

Download and unzip the 64-bit OpenSSH utilities using the PowerShell commands:

[Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12
wget https://github.com/PowerShell/Win32-OpenSSH/releases/download/v8.0.0.0p1-Beta/OpenSSH-Win64.zip -OutFile .\OpenSSH-Win64.zip
expand-archive -path '.\OpenSSH-Win64.zip' -destinationpath 'C:\Program Files\'

And then add the OpenSSH utilities to the system PATH environment variable using the command:

[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable(
    "Path",
    [Environment]::GetEnvironmentVariable("Path", [EnvironmentVariableTarget]::Machine) + ";C:\Program Files\OpenSSH-Win64",
    [EnvironmentVariableTarget]::Machine)

Open up a Command Prompt ("Run -> CMD") to load the newly adjusted PATH and generate a new public/private keypair using:

ssh-keygen

Example output:

C:\Users\Administrator>ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (C:\Users\Administrator/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory 'C:\Users\Administrator/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in C:\Users\Administrator/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in C:\Users\Administrator/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:F53nWSkf4THNhjY0B66vRwjiOfg3BJdOlGQaRX7VcxA stagecoach\administrator@DC1
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 3072]----+
|        .+=. .E@o|
|         =o. +=+@|
|        ..o.+oo*+|
|        o =o +oo.|
|       oSB....o. |
|      . +.o ...  |
|       . o   ..  |
|        . o  ..  |
|         . ...   |
+----[SHA256]-----+

C:\Users\Administrator>

That should be all that's required on the new domain controller for the time being.

Configuring the Windows Application Server for Windows-Based Testing

Next, we can configure the second Windows Server 2016 instance "APPWIN1" to be used later as a Windows application server to test database connections from.

Similar to the previous steps:

Using Remote Desktop Client, connect to the APPWIN1 server using the OPC username and the initial password provided in OCI web console.
Change password on initial logon as prompted.
Sign in.
Run PowerShell using the "Run as Administrator" option.

To join an Active Directory domain (regardless of the OS), it is necessary to set the Active Directory domain controller as the DNS server.

First, determine the logical name of the network adapter. For the OCI-provisioned instance, it should be "Ethernet 3".

Command to confirm:

Get-NetAdapter

Sample output:

PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-NetAdapter

Name                      InterfaceDescription                    ifIndex Status       MacAddress             LinkSpeed
----                      --------------------                    ------- ------       ----------             ---------
Ethernet 3                Oracle VirtIO Ethernet Adapter #2             6 Up           02-00-17-05-39-CC        10 Gbps


PS C:\Windows\system32>

Next, set the DNS server for that adapter to the internal/private IP address of the Active Directory Domain Server. For the DC1 server provisioned in the previous steps, the private IP specified during instance creation was 10.0.1.100. Therefore the command becomes:

netsh interface ip set dns name="Ethernet 3" static 10.0.1.100

Sample output (note that the command takes 15 seconds or so to complete and the error message can be safely ignored):

PS C:\Windows\system32> netsh interface ip set dns name="Ethernet 3" static 10.0.1.100

The configured DNS server is incorrect or does not exist.

PS C:\Windows\system32>

Next, we need to actually join the domain. Command:

add-computer –domainname <Domain Name> -Credential Administrator@<domain> -restart –force

Example using the sample domain STAGECOACH.NET:

add-computer –domainname STAGECOACH.NET -Credential Administrator@stagecoach.net -restart –force

Enter the password when prompted and let the APPWIN1 server reboot. After the reboot completes, log on again, this time logging into the domain and open PowerShell again as an administrator.

Now that the app server setup is complete and it has joined the new domain, we can download the Oracle Client. The "basic" and "sqlplus" components are required at a minimum if configuring for CMU using password authentication with Active Directory synchronization. (Kerberos Single Sign-On will require the full client).

The latest version of the Oracle 19c client can be downloaded using the non-version specific "permanent links".

Example commands:

[Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12

wget https://download.oracle.com/otn_software/nt/instantclient/instantclient-basic-windows.zip -OutFile .\instantclient-basic-windows.zip

wget https://download.oracle.com/otn_software/nt/instantclient/instantclient-sqlplus-windows.zip -OutFile .\instantclient-sqlplus-windows.zip

Sample output:

PS C:\Users\Administrator> [Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12
PS C:\Users\Administrator> wget https://download.oracle.com/otn_software/nt/instantclient/19300/instantclient-basic-windows.zip -OutFile .\instantclient-basic-windows.zip
PS C:\Users\Administrator>
PS C:\Users\Administrator> wget https://download.oracle.com/otn_software/nt/instantclient/19300/instantclient-sqlplus-windows.zip -OutFile .\instantclient-sqlplus-windows.zip
PS C:\Users\Administrator>
PS C:\Users\Administrator> dir *.zip


    Directory: C:\Users\Administrator


Mode                LastWriteTime         Length Name
----                -------------         ------ ----
-a----        11/23/2019  5:32 PM       81818443 instantclient-basic-windows.zip
-a----        11/23/2019  5:32 PM         973291 instantclient-sqlplus-windows.zip


PS C:\Users\Administrator>

Unzip the downloaded zip files using:

expand-archive -path '.\instantclient-basic-windows.zip' -destinationpath 'C:\Oracle'

expand-archive -path '.\instantclient-sqlplus-windows.zip' -destinationpath 'C:\Oracle'

And add the Oracle Instant Client utilities to the system PATH environment variable using the command:

[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable(
    "Path",
    [Environment]::GetEnvironmentVariable("Path", [EnvironmentVariableTarget]::Machine) + ";C:\Oracle\instantclient_19_3",
    [EnvironmentVariableTarget]::Machine)

Oracle Instant Client on Windows is dependent on the Microsoft Visual Studio Redistributable which can easily be downloaded from Microsoft and installed via the commands:

[Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12

wget https://aka.ms/vs/16/release/vc_redist.x64.exe -OutFile .\vc_redist.x64.exe

.\vc_redist.x64.exe

Finally, open a command prompt (Run -> CMD) to load the newly adjusted PATH and test using SQL*Plus:

C:\Users\Administrator>> sqlplus -L -s a/a@//10.0.1.101:1521/XE
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied


SP2-0751: Unable to connect to Oracle.  Exiting SQL*Plus

C:\Users\Administrator>>

The command failed with the ORA-01017 error message. But that is expected and shows that it is successfully communicating and attempting to authorize against the Oracle database.

One additional step that we can do at this time is give "Domain Users" the ability to log into this test Windows application server via Remote Desktop. In reality, allowing only specific users to log in to servers is advisable, but since this is a simple testbed, adding "Domain Users" can be done instead for simplicity and convenience. It's easy to implement via the PowerShell command:

Add-LocalGroupMember -Group "Remote Desktop Users" -Member STAGECOACH\"Domain Users"

Configuring the Linux Application Server for Windows-Based Testing

The last demo VM instance in the testbed is a second Linux instance to simulate a Linux Application server and test remote Oracle connections from. It has the same purpose and same test expectations as the previously created Windows App Server, just differing in OS.

Just like with the Windows App Server, the Linux App Server will join the Active Directory domain and use the Oracle 19c Instant Client.

On the Application Server VM "APPLINUX1" created previously, log into the server as "opc" and sudo to the root user.

Again, using the latest release of the Oracle 19c Instant Client from the "permanent links" will suffice for testing CMU using Active Directory password synchronization, but the full client will be needed for Kerberos single sign-on.

Download and install the Oracle 19c Instant Client "basic" and "sqlplus" components using:

yum install -y https://download.oracle.com/otn_software/linux/instantclient/oracle-instantclient-basic-linuxx64.rpm

yum install -y https://download.oracle.com/otn_software/linux/instantclient/oracle-instantclient-sqlplus-linuxx64.rpm

# Update other packages as a good practice:
yum update -y

Configuring an Oracle Linux 7 server to join a Windows Active Directory domain is surprisingly simple. First, install some required packages via yum:

yum -y install realmd sssd krb5-workstation krb5-libs samba-common-tools

Just like when configuring the Windows app server, there is the requirement to set the domain controller as the DNS server.

Still as root from the APPLINUX7 instance, adjust the DNS nameserver to use the internal IP of the domain controller:

sed -i.bak '/nameserver 169.254.169.254/ s/.*/nameserver 10.0.1.100/' /etc/resolv.conf
tail -1 /etc/resolv.conf

IMPORTANT: OCI instances revert the value of /etc/resolv.conf on each DHCP lease renewal or instance reboot. OCI instances include a /etc/oci-hostname.conf file; however, (at the time of writing) that file does not provide any option to preserve /etc/resolv.conf. The Oracle-recommended solution from My Oracle Support is to instead make the /etc/resolv.conf file immutable using the command:

chattr -R +i /etc/resolv.conf

References on this specific issue:

Discover the Active Directory realm - which is also the DNS domain (in these examples I continue to use the test domain name "STAGECOACH.NET" - change as appropriate):

realm discover STAGECOACH.NET

And then join the Active Directory realm using the administrator password set previously:

realm join --verbose STAGECOACH.NET -U Administrator@stagecoach.net

Sample output (note the NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL error which was ignored):

[root@applinux1 ~]# realm discover STAGECOACH.NET
STAGECOACH.NET
  type: kerberos
  realm-name: STAGECOACH.NET
  domain-name: STAGECOACH.NET
  configured: no
  server-software: active-directory
  client-software: sssd
  required-package: oddjob
  required-package: oddjob-mkhomedir
  required-package: sssd
  required-package: adcli
  required-package: samba-common-tools
stagecoach.net
  type: kerberos
  realm-name: STAGECOACH.NET
  domain-name: stagecoach.net
  configured: no
[root@applinux1 ~]#

[root@applinux1 ~]# realm join --verbose STAGECOACH.NET -U Administrator@stagecoach.net
 * Resolving: _ldap._tcp.stagecoach.net
 * Performing LDAP DSE lookup on: 10.0.1.100
 * Successfully discovered: STAGECOACH.NET
Password for Administrator@stagecoach.net:
 * Required files: /usr/sbin/oddjobd, /usr/libexec/oddjob/mkhomedir, /usr/sbin/sssd, /usr/bin/net
 * LANG=C LOGNAME=root /usr/bin/net -s /var/cache/realmd/realmd-smb-conf.FSSY8Z -U Administrator@stagecoach.net ads join STAGECOACH.NET
Enter Administrator@stagecoach.net's password:DNS update failed: NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL

Using short domain name -- STAGECOACH
Joined 'APPLINUX1' to dns domain 'STAGECOACH.NET'
DNS Update for applinux1.ad1.cmuvnc.oraclevcn.com failed: ERROR_DNS_GSS_ERROR
 * LANG=C LOGNAME=root /usr/bin/net -s /var/cache/realmd/realmd-smb-conf.FSSY8Z -U Administrator@stagecoach.net ads keytab create
Enter Administrator@stagecoach.net's password:
 * /usr/bin/systemctl enable sssd.service
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/sssd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/sssd.service.
 * /usr/bin/systemctl restart sssd.service
 * /usr/bin/sh -c /usr/sbin/authconfig --update --enablesssd --enablesssdauth --enablemkhomedir --nostart && /usr/bin/systemctl enable oddjobd.service && /usr/bin/systemctl start oddjobd.service
 * Successfully enrolled machine in realm
[root@applinux1 ~]#

Possibly (depending on OS image used), password-authenticated SSH logins are disabled. Enable by adjusting the SSHD config and restarting the SSHD service:

sed -i.bak '/^PasswordAuthentication/ s/no/yes/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

grep PasswordAuthentication /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Restart service for change to come into effect
systemctl restart sshd

Another change that will be required if later testing CMU with Kerberos authentication is the setting for the Kerberos credential cache (or "ccache"). In Oracle Linux 7 this defaults to the Linux specific value of KEYRING which is in unswappable kernel memory only accessible by the current user. Unfortunately, though, the Oracle client currently cannot access Kerberos credentials cached in KEYRING. Consequently, for CMU Kerberos testing from Linux, we'll need to change this value to the old default value of FILE which the Oracle client can read:

sed -i.bak '/default_ccache_name/ s~^[ \t]*default_ccache_name.*~\# & \ndefault_ccache_name = FILE:/tmp/krb5cc_%{uid}~' /etc/krb5.conf

grep default_ccache_name /etc/krb5.conf

# Restart service for change to come into effect
systemctl restart sssd

Finally, test logging into the APPLINUX1 server using Active Directory credentials, connecting via SSH from the desktop or the DBSERV1 machine. For example:

ssh "Administrator@stagecoach.net"@10.0.1.102

Sample connection test:

$ ssh "Administrator@stagecoach.net"@10.0.1.102
The authenticity of host '10.0.1.102 (10.0.1.102)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:JFderzosQT6H2u89gBg+KkZ7DrzEtFzM4HYs7Ud2RCA.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:df:ca:64:e5:eb:71:4a:e3:3f:da:c9:f4:6e:fc:a5:90.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '10.0.1.102' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
Administrator@stagecoach.net@10.0.1.102's password:
Creating home directory for Administrator@stagecoach.net.
[administrator@STAGECOACH.NET@applinux1 ~]$

Validate that we can reach the database using SQL*Plus and an EZconnect connection. Again, the ORA-01017 error is expected and tells us that communication with the database succeeded (even though the authentication failed - that happened against the DB):

[administrator@STAGECOACH.NET@applinux1 ~]$ sqlplus -L -s a/a@//10.0.1.101:1521/XE
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied


SP2-0751: Unable to connect to Oracle.  Exiting SQL*Plus
[administrator@STAGECOACH.NET@applinux1 ~]$

Next Steps

The steps above built on top of the infrastructure provisioned in the first article by:

Installing Oracle Database 18c XE on DBSERV1 to act as our Oracle DB where CMU will be used.
Creating an Active Directory Forest and turning DC1 into our domain controller.
Preparing APPWIN1 a sample Windows-based, domain-joined application server to test CMU connections from through SQL*Plus.
Preparing APPLINUX1 a sample Linux-based, domain-joined application server to test CMU connections from through SQL*Plus.

In the next two articles in this series, we'll set up both Oracle Database directory synchronization with AD and Single Sign-on using Kerberos and AD.

If you’ve enjoyed this deep dive, you may be interested in learning about the benefits of CMU to discover whether this simplified user management is right for you and your business.